Temperature, as a basic and significant environmental parameter, is the temperature range within which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some electronic circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and a wide selection of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key elements of scientific analysis and engineering functions.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts heat (temperature) right into a readable kind corresponding to an electrical sign similar to present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument shut up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical field
Environmental monitoring
Electronic tools
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical business
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical sign. They include two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work relies on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage will increase, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there’s a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the item to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can mirror the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and on a daily basis household applications. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two completely different steel wires wound collectively to supply a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a variety of totally different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure totally different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are additionally designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are often made from a polymer or ceramic lined with a glass surface, which is why they’re cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two major forms of thermistors: positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and adverse temperature coefficient (NTC).
เกจวัดแรงดูด (NTC) thermistors are the most typical kind and are characterized by a decrease in resistance as the temperature increases. This is because at larger temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working range of -72.4 to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and standard thermistors have an operating range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature could be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually made from pure metals, especially platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a large temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are brief sufficient that resistance doesn’t affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to carry the excitation current, thus providing a method to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate force and sense leads. This is the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are normally built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two similar diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature modifications. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to 150 °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that routinely adjusts the temperature, normally primarily based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the environment. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set level, the thermostat activates or shuts down heating or cooling tools to maintain the desired temperature.
There are many types of thermostats out there, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to satisfy the needs of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical gadget for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the fact that two totally different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature modifications, the two metals in the bimetal broaden or contract at totally different rates. Since the two metals are tightly certain together, this distinction causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is normally made right into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature modifications, the diploma of bimetal bending changes, and this change can be learn immediately as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the target surface. They depend on the thermal energy radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most typical type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are good for use when an object is transferring or the temperature is too high or too low, as they don’t need to come back into contact with the object itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in all kinds of business and scientific functions, including temperature management of electronic gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of industrial devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature range that must be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is another essential choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor varieties have different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have larger accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working environment, such as humidity, corrosive substances, excessive stress and other environmental conditions.
Application: Application eventualities require a fast response to temperature changes, so it is important to choose a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 stainless-steel rods and inner wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head styles can be found in two stem varieties: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are good for liquid functions.
How to hold up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is dependent upon your software and industry, if you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, be happy to contact Apure skilled and technical team to offer an answer. We also offer devices for water high quality analysis, flow meters, degree measurement, strain measurement, ozone generators and temperature controller.
Extended studying:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a basic and important environmental parameter, is the temperature range inside which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the performance of some digital circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal function in experimentation and engineering, and a wide selection of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key aspects of scientific research and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
How to hold up the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring device. It converts warmth (temperature) right into a readable kind such as an electrical signal such as present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical signal. They contain two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature adjustments. Temperature sensor work relies on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that must be in direct contact with the item to be measured to find a way to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their modifications can mirror the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly utilized in industrial, automotive, and on a regular basis family purposes. Because they are self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have quick response instances, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two different metal wires wound collectively to provide a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are created from a quantity of totally different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure totally different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are also designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, just like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are normally made from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass floor, which is why they’re cheaper and fewer correct than RTDs. There are two major kinds of thermistors: positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and unfavorable temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest kind and are characterized by a decrease in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is as a end result of at higher temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor materials increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating range of -72.4 to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an working vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer units with a two-wire technique with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to vary with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are normally manufactured from pure metals, especially platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a large temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick enough that resistance does not affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation current, thus providing a approach to eliminate line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate force and sense leads. This is probably the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for present sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two similar diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a narrow temperature vary (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that mechanically adjusts the temperature, usually primarily based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the environment. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls below a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling equipment to take care of the desired temperature.
There are many types of thermostats out there, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to meet the needs of different users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the fact that two completely different metals have different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature modifications, the 2 metals in the bimetal expand or contract at totally different charges. Since the two metals are tightly sure together, this distinction causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is usually made into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature changes, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this alteration could be learn directly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the goal surface. They rely on the thermal vitality radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the commonest type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a target object to discover out its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is simply too high or too low, as they do not want to come into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in all kinds of commercial and scientific purposes, together with temperature control of digital units, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of commercial devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature range that needs to be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other essential selection factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have greater accuracies, while thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their operating setting, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, high pressure and different environmental circumstances.
Application: Application eventualities require a fast response to temperature adjustments, so it is essential to select a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 chrome steel rods and internal wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are best for liquid applications.
How to maintain up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is decided by your application and trade, if you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure skilled and technical team to provide a solution. We additionally provide instruments for water high quality analysis, move meters, degree measurement, stress measurement, ozone mills and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of level measurement transmitters